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- Hypnotic sculpture by Jennifer Townley
- Walking robot by Theo Jansen
- Luminous paintings by Bardula
- Motion illusions
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To contact the Author thanks to use this email : site@ERROR.com
Warning (anti-spam protocol) : in this email you have to replace the block capital letters by regispetit
Régis Petit, former engineer in Computing at EDF (Electricity of France) is a specialist in Systemic modeling. In 2005, he created this scientific information site which is used by numerous schools and organizations, in particular within the framework of projects at the studies end.
Through his research for nearly twenty years and the rigor of the results obtained, the author is one of the world referents of Billiards physics as well as French referents of hydraulic ram.
The various models made by the author are as follows :
- Billards physics : the author wrote in the "Pour la Science" magazine an article fully available on this Website and took part in the broadcasting programmes "Archimède" and C'est pas sorcier - Bille en tête : le billard (Youtube, 25:59). He wrote also the book "Billard - Théorie du jeu" [in English : "Billiards - Theory of the Game"] certified by the Federation of French Billiards.
- Hydraulic ram : a thorough study under the three aspects Principle, Theory and Practice. He participates in the activities of the association HSF-Lyon (Hydraulic without Borders - antenna Lyon) for the project "HydroRam" studying the feasibility of an economic hydraulic ram built with commercial components.
- Psychology and spirituality : an anthology called "Une approche scientifique du silence" mainly based on the books of Gurdjieff, Arnaud Desjardins and Svâmi Prajnânpad.
This book is a collection of 700 quotes showing how the rigorous observation of facts on the physical and psychic planes can lead to the forms overcoming and inner silence. The book recalls the laws of life in the introduction.
- Human Nervous System and Learning : a model of baby nervous system in accordance with the learning theory of the psychologist, biologist and epistemologist Jean Piaget.
- Relativity : a pedagogical presentation of the basic formulas of Restricted Relativity and General Relativity. This topic also includes a detailed lexicon of terms used in Relativity.
- Botany : a catalog of 300 European woody plants associated with an identification method mainly by leaves. This topic also includes a detailed lexicon of terms used in botany.
- Music and Language : beyond the well-known aspects of musical sounds (scale, pitch, consonance, timbre, etc.), the author made a pedagogical presentation of some less known aspects of their relationship with human perception (psycho-acoustic) and spoken language. This topic also includes a detailed lexicon of terms used in music, acoustics and spoken language.
- Ornithology : a catalog of 300 European birds associated with an identification method mainly by songs and cries.
- Meteorology and Navigation : the observation of clouds and winds to predict the weather over 24 hours, completed by basic concepts in air and sea navigation.
- Short synthetic Additional articles. See Contents.
- Livre "Billard - Théorie du jeu", Chiron, 1997, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-7027-0999-3).
- Article "La pratique du billard", Pour La Science N°246, Avril 1998.
- Internet topic "Physics of Billards", 2005 (CopyrightFrance.com).
- Internet topic "Hydraulic ram", 2007 (CopyrightFrance.com).
- Livre "Bélier Hydraulique - Une machine insolite", autoédition, janvier 2008 (ISBN 978-2-9521300-1-1). This book est the first version of the Internet topic "Hydraulic ram".
- Livre "Une approche scientifique du silence", autoédition, janvier 2004 (ISBN 2-9521300-0-0).
- Internet topic "Human Nervous System and Learning", 2009 (CopyrightFrance.com).
- Internet topic "Relativity", 2017 (CopyrightFrance.com).
- Internet topic "Botany", 2019 (CopyrightFrance.com).
- Internet topic "Music and Language", 2020 (CopyrightFrance.com).
- Internet topic "Ornithology", 2020 (CopyrightFrance.com).
- Internet topic "Meteorology and Navigation", 2021 (CopyrightFrance.com).
- Additional articles since 2022 (CopyrightFrance.com).
Régis Petit was born on February 24, 1958.
- Engineer in Mechanics ("Arts et Métiers" - E.N.S.A.M. - Paris)
- Engineer in Applied Mathematics (E.N.S.E.E.I.H.T. - Toulouse)
- P.H.D. in Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (I.N.P.T. - Toulouse)
- Independent researcher in systemic modeling. France.
The Author of this site has made four wind sculptures installed in his garden in Berrac (Gers).
Description :
Design :
These sculptures are made with recycled products (aluminum rails for thermal insulation frame, PVC camping bowls, plastic jerrycan sides, tennis ball, rebar, etc.).
All moving parts are carried on ball bearings.
All the fixed elements are assembled by stainless steel screws.
The sculptures are fixed to the ground by a vertical mast (galvanized steel fence post or old steel water pipe).
Pierre Luu is a French sculptor who has created sculptures with unpredictable movements, driven by wind or water, including the "wind turbine with random motion" (see Figures above, and video "Mobile eolien art cinétique" in [Pierre Luu]).
Description :
Figure 1 above : general view (cf [Art et Eau]).
Figure 2 above : zoom on blades twist angle (video clip 0:12).
Figure 3 above : zoom on blades lenght (video clip 0:22).
The "wind turbine with random motion" is made up of 5 moving parts in unstable equilibrium (cf [Pierre Luu - Quelque chose ne tourne pas rond][Art et Eau - Quelque chose ne tourne pas rond]).
The balance is all the more unstable as there is no weather vane to orient the sculpture in the wind direction. The blue ball is aesthetic and symbolizes the Earth (cf my email of March 5, 2023 from Pierre Luu to Régis Petit).
The two blades are of different size with a secondary rotation nested within the primary rotation (cf [Pierre Luu - Eolide].
The sculpture slowly comes to life and changes shape thanks to the wind action. The movement is maintained by inertia due to the balance of the masses (cf [Art et Eau - Quelque chose ne tourne pas rond]).
The sculpture unfolds in an enigmatic choreography and only finds temporary stability when the blades reach a certain speed (cf [Pierre Luu - Quelque chose ne tourne pas rond]).
Design :
The whole is designed in a search for balance between the masses, the gravity centers, the surfaces exposed to the wind and the relative angles of the surfaces (cf [Pierre Luu - Quelque chose ne tourne pas rond]).
The mobile elements are fixed by ball bearings for all sculptures in project version (cf email of March 7, 2023 from Pierre Luu to Régis Petit). This combination allows fluid rotations and movements even in light winds (cf [Pierre Luu - Fragments mobile éolien).
Material : stainless steel and composite materials (cf [Art et Eau - Quelque chose ne tourne pas rond]).
Height : 3 m 50 (cf [Art et Eau - Quelque chose ne tourne pas rond]).
Sources :
Pierre Luu - Mobile eolien art cinétique (YouTube, 01:57).
Pierre Luu - Un art en mouvement - Sculptures éoliennes et mobiles.
Pierre Luu - Un art en mouvement - Quelque chose ne tourne pas rond.
Pierre Luu - Un art en mouvement - Fragments mobile éolien.
Pierre Luu - Un art en mouvement - Eolide.
Pierre Luu - Un art en mouvement - Solaris : sculpture éolienne et solaire autonome en énergie.
Art et Eau - Ellipse, quelque chose ne tourne pas rond.
Jeff Kahn is an American sculptor who created kinetic sculptures, titled "Invisible Forces", from aluminum and stainless steel.
These sculptures explore balance and gravity and how almost imperceptible air currents interact with them. They are extremely sensitive to the surrounding environment (light breezes, sun heat, weight of the morning dew). See above Figures 1, 2 and 3 showing three particular sculptures : "Astrolabe", "Naked Alien" and "I Ching".
Jeff Kahn's studio is located in Lenhartsville, Pennsylvania, USA.
Sources :
Jeff Kahn - Bio.
Jeff Kahn - Catalog.
Jeff Kahn - Videos.
Anthony Howe is an American sculptor who has created hypnotic mobile sculptures including "Di-Octo" in 2014 (see Figures 1, 2 and 3 above, and "Di-Octo" video in [Anthony Howe] and [KULTT]).
Anthony Howe currently lives in Eastsound, Orcas Island, San Juan County, Washington State (USA).
Description :
Di-Octo is a half-octopus, half-star, wind-driven and near-silent mobile sculpture.
The original Di-Octo, designed and made by Anthony Howe, has been industrialized in two identical copies by Show Canada Inc (Laval steelworks in Quebec) as follows (cf email of March 10, 2023 from David Boulay (Show Canada Inc) to Régis Petit) :
- Di-Octo II or Fern Pull I or Shidahiku or Shindahiku : first unit manufactured by Show Canada and installed in 2017 in Montreal (Canada), Sir George Williams campus of Concordia University, in front of the University's Pavillon Henry-F.-Hall, on boulevard De Maisonneuve at the corner of rue Mackay (cf [Anthony Howe, https://www. howeart.net/news][The DC Blike Blogger]).
- Di-Octo II or Fern Pull II : second unit manufactured by Show Canada and installed in 2018 in Washington DC (USA), on New Jersey Avenue, near Nationals Park in the Navy Yard district of southeast DC (cf [The DC Blike Blogger]).
Design :
Di-Octo is 8 meters high, 3 meters in diameter, weighs 725 kilograms and requires only 2 km/h of wind for its moving parts to activate (cf [Concordia University]).
Di-Octo is composed of 36 arms each carrying 16 very thin steel domes and rotating around a vertical circular ring. The inter-arm connections are of the intermediate wheel type with drive fingers. See detail in Figure 3 above (cf [Show Canada]).
The arms always turn in the same direction, regardless of the wind direction. This is due to the domes shape (cf email of March 19, 2023 from David Boulay to Régis Petit).
Di-Octo is entirely made of 316 stainless steel, which gives it better corrosion resistance as well as non-magnetic properties (cf [Show Canada]).
Other similar sculptures :
Anthony Howe designed and made other sculptures similar to Di-Octo (cf [Anthony Howe, https://www.howeart.net/about]) :
- Octo or Octo II : version with 32 arms each carrying 10 domes, with drive finger type inter-arm connections, installed in 2013 in Greenville (cf [reddit]), State of South Carolina (USA), at the corner of the McBee Avenue and Falls Street.
- Octo I : version with 32 arms each carrying 10 domes, with drive finger type inter-arm connections, installed in 2016 in Dubai (cf [What's on][UAE]) at The Beach, the beach of "Jumeirah Beach Residence" (JBR).
- Octo III : horizontal ring version, with 32 arms each carrying 10 domes, with double cardan type inter-arm connections, installed in 2016 in Dubai (cf [What's on][UAE]) at the City Walk Mall on Al Safa St., in front of "Paul and Argo Tea Café".
Sources :
Anthony Howe.
Anthony Howe - Shindahiku (Fern pull).
The DC Blike Blogger - Shindahiku (Fern Pull).
KULTT - Les sculptures hypnotiques d'Anthony Howe.
Anthony Howe - Di-Octo (Youtube 1:10).
Anthony Howe - Di-Octo (long version) (Youtube 1:33).
Université Concordia - Di-Octo : captivant, cinétique et unique.
Show Canada.
JuanG3D : Di-Octo 3D Model.
What's on - Check out these alien-esque kinetic sculptures in Dubai.
UAE - Famous American artist brings kinetic sculptures to Dubai.
reddit - "Octo II", Anthony Howe, stainless steel, 2013..
Jennifer Townley is a Dutch artist who has created hypnotic mobile sculptures including "Asinas" in 2015 (see Figure 1 above, and video "Asinas" in [Art Juice]).
When viewed at a standstill from the front, it looks like a double helix like the usual representation of DNA.
Description (cf [Jennifer Townley]) :
"Asinas" is a mobile sculpture composed of two helixes that intertwine and slide into each other, producing a fluid and natural movement.
The two helixes slowly rotate in opposite directions and at slightly different speeds, gradually transforming the sculpture.
A demonstration of how this sculpture works helps to better understand this description (see video "Asinas Working Demonstration" in [Amogh Jadhav] and video "SolidWorks Mechanical Sculpture" in [tecnoloxia.org]).
Design :
The sixty-five white wooden bricks that form the two helixes increase in size towards the middle of the sculpture, giving it a conical shape.
Each brick has the shape of a Z with 90 degree angles. The bricks of a helix are fixed on the rotation axis. The bricks of the other helix are connected to one another through small spacers (see Figure 2 above from [Amogh Jadhav]).
The bricks are made from painted wood. The frame is made of steel as well as all the parts connecting the gears to their axes, the bearings to the frame, etc.
Then there are all the other parts : an electric motor, heavy steel spur gears and sprockets, two belts and lots of bearings (cf [The Plus Paper]).
Sources :
Art Juice - Les sculptures mobiles et hypnotiques de Jennifer Townley.
L'Usine Nouvelle - Hypnotiques, ces sculptures cinétiques vous étonneront.
Jennifer Townley - Asinas.
Asinas - Jennifer Townley - 2015 - Kinetic art (Youtube 2:31).
Amogh Jadhav - Asinas.
Amogh Jadhav - Asinas Working Demonstration (Youtube 2:14).
tecnoloxia.org - As esculturas cinéticas de Jennifer Townley.
MadCadSkills : Jennifer Townley - SolidWorks Mechanical Sculpture (Youtube 3:43).
The Plus Paper - Asinas : Fluent Movement.


Theo Jansen is a Dutch sculptor who in 1991 created strange creatures including the walking robot (see Figures 1 and 2 above).
Working :
This walking robot is a mechanism with very light legs which can move on a horizontal plane under the wind action or on an inclined plane under the action of its own weight (see video cf [Jansen, Plaudens Vela]).
The only actuator in the robot is a central crankshaft making the connection between the legs and the robot body (see red while on Figure 2, and also [Exergia]).
For a robot with three pairs of legs, the crankshaft has three cranks offset successively by 120° to have a constant movement of the robot during the propulsion phase (see Figure 2).
Body description :
The robot body consists of a horizontal platform (length 2a) and vertical fixed supports (length l) carrying the crankshaft (eccentricity m). See Figure 3 above.
The double length (a) of the platform is calculated to ensure non-collision between the front legs and the rear legs.
The length (l) of the supports can be modified to ensure an overall horizontal movement of the robot. Increasing or decreasing the length (l) amounts to pivoting all the bars of each leg around each fixed point F.
Legs description :
Each leg consists of ten articulated bars (bars b to k) of which two form a rigid link (bars e and h)). See Figure 3 above.
The two legs of the same pair are identical and mirror each other on each side of the crankshaft.
The foot of each leg describes an ovoid curve whose lower part is almost flat and horizontal, thus allowing the foot to be in contact with the ground during the propulsive phase.
In the return phase, the foot lifts off the ground and the robot can step over small obstacles without lifting its body too much.
The table of Figure 3 gives the length of each bar according to different authors :
- Jansen (cf [Wikipedia, Jansen mechanism]) ;
- Jansen by multiplying by the scale factor 15/38 ;
- Giesbrecht according to its optimized method for which the bars are calculated by minimizing the quantity of energy used per unit of distance traveled (cf [Giesbrecht, Design and optimisation]).
Sources :
Jansen - Plaudens Vela.
Jansen - plaudens vela 1 (Youtube 0:53).
Wikipedia - Mécanisme de Jansen.
Exergia - Simulation von Theo Jansen's Strandbeest.
Giesbrecht Daniel - Design and optimisation of a one-degree-offreedom eight-bar leg mechanism for a walking machine.
Bardula is a pseudonym created by a Belgian artist who currently lives and works in France.
Bardula creates luminous paintings including the hypnotic paintings "Blue Interferences" and "Blue ice" (see Figures 1 and 2 above).
Sources :
Light ZOOM Lumière.
Bardula.
Here is a selection of the best motion illusions (see above Figure 1 cf [GomboDigital], Figures 2 to 5 cf [Sélection.ca] and Figure 6 cf [Akiyoshi Kitaoka]) :
1. Rotating vortex (Vectordivider image via Getty Images)
2. Rotating spirals (Vectordivider image via Getty Images)
3. Mesmerizing effect (Mark Grenier image via Shutterstock)
4. Scroll (Guten Tag Vector image via Shutterstock)
5. Glitter Grid (Mark image via Shutterstock)
6. "Expanding pupils" (Image from Akiyoshi Kitaoka)
Sources :
Sélection du Reader's Digest (Canada) - 24 illusions d'optique complètement étourdissantes.
GomboDigital - 5 illusions d'optique qui vont vous scotcher/.
Akiyoshi Kitaoka - Anomalous motion illusions 35.
The scientific approach consists mainly of six steps :
1. Observation and measurement of a phenomenon ;
2. Systemic modeling and formulation of the simplest theory correctly accounting for all the observed facts ;
3. Experimentation and validation of the theory ;
4. Comparison with existing theories ;
5. Communication of the results obtained to his peers for revalidations and possible criticisms ;
6. Use of the theory to predict or reproduce the phenomenon.
Warning : Any criticism must be constructive to be admissible, that is to say be factual, without value judgment and without ironic or disrespectful remarks, in short, be worthy of the critic.
The systemic modeling is a stage of the scientific approach which consists in describing physical phenomena in the form of systems. The challenge is to find the right level of model : neither too simple to take into account all the physical observations, nor too complex to set the model parameters from these observations.
Systemic modeling also aims to divide systems into subsystems in an optimal way according to four main principles of systemes urban planning :
1. "Divide to conquer" or modularity principle. The goal is to cut the system into subsystems of optimal size and each having its autonomy of exploitation and use.
The temporary unavailability of a subsystem does not prevent the other subsystems from operating.
2. "Group to simplify" or subsidiarity principle. The goal is to pool what can be pooled and to treat each specificity as a differential with respect to the general case.
Complexity is isolated in easily manageable special case subsystems and does not put generic subsystems at risk.
3. "Distribute to better communicate" or reducing adhesions principle. The goal is to minimize the adhesions between subsystems and to compensate by a dynamic cooperation between them.
The data exchanged between subsystems are only created and modified in a single subsystem (notion of proprietary subsystem).
The information exchanges between subsystems are done via standardized interfaces.
4. "Start small but think big" or progressiveness principle. The goal is to provide for an evolution of the system in stages and starting from the existing one.
Definition :
The Digital Optical Disk (DON) is a removable flat disk used to store digital data in the fields of computers, audio and video.
The best known disks are CD, DVD and BD :
- CD (Compact Disk) is used to store all types of digital data with reduced storage capacity (approximately 700 MB). Its reading system is an infrared laser whose wavelength is 780 nm, which does not allow reading DVD and BD.
- DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) can also store any type of digital data with a large storage capacity (4.7 GB on average). Its reading system is a shorter wave infrared laser (650 nm). The often-used term "Digital Video Disk" is a misnomer because the stored data may also be non-video.
- BD (Blu-ray Disk) can store high-definition video data (from 7 GB to 128 GB). Its reading system is a blue-violet laser with an even shorter wave (405 nm), which makes it possible to read video DVD and audio CD.
The acronym CD, DVD or BD is followed by the burning mode : ROM (Read-Only Memory) for read-only disk, ±R (Recordable) for disk that can only be written to once, ±RW (Rewritable) or ±RE for rewritable disk.
The acronym ± of burning mode corresponds to two different DVD standards, the old players not being compatible with the + standard which is more recent.
Constitution :
A digital optical disk is a stack of several layers (see Figure above) :
- Base layer in transparent plastic material (polycarbonate) ;
- Organic dye layer (only for ±R disks) ;
- Reflective metallic layer which reflects the laser beam towards the photosensor of the laser head ;
- Protective layer (anti-UV varnish) which protects the reflective layer ;
- Polymer layer supporting the printed information.
Data is written in the base layer for ROM, in the dye layer for ±R and in the reflective layer for ±RW, on a spiral-shaped track that is almost 5 km long for disks CD, from the center outwards.
Optical reading is binary (0 or 1). The information is made up of micro-pits and lands. Any state change (land to micro-pit or vice versa) is translated by a '1', and all the lengths of lands and micro-pits by '0'.
Lifetime :
The objective lifetime of a digital optical disk ranges from 2 years to 20 years, and sometimes longer if all precautions are taken. It strongly depends on the choice of media, the use conditions and the storage conditions of the disk.
1. Choice of media :
- Quality : choose a major brand disk rather than a generic disk.
- Origin : avoid buying at train stations or markets or fairs, as disks as discs can stay in damp or direct sunlight for days on end. Beware of batches of 50 or 100 DVD which are sold without a protective case.
- Wear by mechanical contact : no possible wear because the reading head is never in contact with the disk.
- Aging or corrosion : prefer ±R disks over others. The main factor that determines the lifetime of a disk is indeed the reflective layer which is generally gold or silver for ±R disks and aluminum for the others (therefore more fragile to corrosion).
2. Use :
- Handling : take the disk by placing one finger in the center and another on the edge. Do not touch the engraved part below and above (the fingers sweat being acidic). Do not put the disk anywhere. If the protective layer is scratched, the cracks allow air to pass through which oxidizes the reflective layer.
- Storage : place the disk upright in its case, the printed side upwards.
- Cleaning : use a dry soft cloth, wiping the disk from the center of the disk outwards and never in a circle.
- Burning : do not use an aging burner. Ensure that the disk is compatible with the burner. Burn at low speed (4x or 8x) neither too slow (1x) nor too fast (52x).
3. Conservation :
- Labeling : label only on the internal transparent band.
- Storage : store the disk preferably in a dry place, in the dark and at a constant temperature (between 4°C and 25°C). Keep the disk in its original sleeve or case, and in an upright position to avoid warping.
- Backup : make a copy every 5 years.
Sources :
Wikipedia - Disque Compact.
Wikipedia - DVD.
Wikipedia - Disque Blu-ray.
Level - Quelles sont les différences entre un CD et un DVD ?.
Infobidouille - La question technique 6 : CD, DVD, BLU-RAY, RW... Comment ça marche les supports optiques ?.
FISTON production - Inquiétudes sur la durée de vie des DVD enregistrables.
Maxicours - Stockage optique.
expert multimedia - Caractéristiques techniques d'un DVD.
Chaumette O., AGIR/PHYSIQUE/CHAP 20 - Le principe de la lecture d'un disque optique (CD, DVD, BluRay...).
Gouvernement du Canada - Durabilité des CD, des DVD et des disques Blu-ray inscriptibles.
Centre de conservation du Québec - Critères de choix d'un disque optique, guide d'entretien et de manipulation.
SOSORDINATEURS - Quelle est la durée de conservation des CD, DVD et Blu-Ray.
VERBATIM - Les différences significatives de performance entre les couches réfléchissantes en argent et en aluminium soulignent l'importance de savoir ce que vous achetez.
Que Choisir - Durée de vie des DVD - Conseils.
Ballajack - Durée de vie d'un CD ou DVD gravé, comment les conserver ?.
Current or durable consumer products offered on the markets do not always have the expected quality. The main causes are the following :
1. "Construction" defect of the product
Three types of fault exist :
- Design defect : the defect is often irremediable.
- Correct but flanged design : the consumer is not always aware of this. Example : a large number of motion detectors with PIR (Passive InfraRed) technology have chaotic operation when placed outdoors in the presence of wind, rain or humidity, outside the limits of the robustness of the electronic card or the operating ranges of the detection algorithm.
- Produce defect : the test campaigns before leaving the factory are not always sufficient and a large number of products on the market are defective on their first use.
In France nearly 10 % of electronic devices purchased on the Internet are returned due to non-compliance.
For domestic electrical devices, the faulty component is often the electronic block of the device (examples : freezer, steam iron, thermal resistance of towel dryers, lighting of bathroom cabinets with touch control, outdoor solar light garland, DVD player).
2. Non-optimal user manual
The product user manuel is sometimes succinct or poorly structured or roughly translated into French or written only in English, which does not allow consumers to use the product easily and appropriately.
3. Non-optimal consumer service
Access to consumer service is not always easy (examples : unclear access methods, premium rate telephone number, unspecified waiting time).
Furthermore, the processing of requests and complaints is sometimes disconcerting or even flawed, with some operators not always having sufficient training in the products and services in the catalog, in internal procedures and in IT tools.
4. Premature obsolescence of the product
Premature obsolescence is a market practice justified by manufacturers for economic, technical and risk prevention reasons. The consumer suffers the consequences : he is frustrated when he notices that the effective lifespan of his product does not correspond to the lifespan he expects.
Different types of premature obsolescence can shorten the life of consumer products (cf [THE CLIMATOSCOPE][HIPPOHAMPUS]) :
- Product whose functioning is degraded after a certain use period (example : women's tights which generally do not last more than six uses, whereas historically nylon stockings were extremely robust and resistant) ;
- Product whose operation is blocked after a certain use period (example : some printers equipped with a smart chip, forcing the ink cartridges to be replaced before they are empty) ;
- Product of which one of the hardware components is weakened from the design stage (examples : computer monitor, battery of digital landline telephones when permanently charged) ;
- Product whose defective parts are almost inaccessible (example : bearings of front-loading washing machines) or cannot be removed (example : some smartphones and laptops whose battery or screen is fixed with industrial glue or screws not standard) ;
- Product whose spare parts or accessories are non-existent in the manufacturers' catalog (example : LED and transformer integrated in the luminaires) or taken out of the catalog (example : old coffee maker bowl) or incompatible with the product (examples : new battery, new consumable) ;
- Product whose maintenance or repair is expensive compared to the residual value of the product or the purchase price of a new product (economic obsolescence);
- Product whose software support is discontinued and does not allow updating or downloading applications (software obsolescence) ;
- Operational product but become outdated in the eyes of consumers (cultural or aesthetic or psychological obsolescence).
France is the first country in the world to have criminalized planned obsolescence through article L. 441-2 of the Consumer Code dated March 14, 2016.
Law n° 2021-1485 of November 15, 2021 relating to the reduction of the digital environmental footprint in France (REEN law) then modified this article by redefining the offense as follows : "The practice of planned obsolescence is prohibited which is defined by the use of techniques, including software, by which the person responsible for placing a product on the market aims to deliberately reduce its lifespan".
Warning : there may be "obsolescence" without it being planned. It is up to the consumer to provide proof of the voluntary intention of the manufacturer to reduce the life of the product : difficult or even impossible task.
One of the solutions aimed at combating planned obsolescence (cf [WIKIPEDIA, Planned obsolescence]) is the services rental. Instead of owning a good, we would pay for the service rendered. Companies would then benefit from manufacturing durable and easily repairable goods (example : Xerox in the professional photocopier market).
Sources :
LE CLIMATOSCOPE, L'obsolescence prématurée de nos produits de consommation : un débat à remodeler.
HIPPOCAMPE, Usages numériques et terminaux.
WIKIPEDIA, Obsolescence programmée.
A small number of truth seekers, notably Svâmi Prajnânpad, have simply described the laws of life as follows (from the book [Petit Régis, Une approche scientifique du silence]).
- Definitions
- Law of difference
- Law of change
- Law of causality
- Law of the psyche
- The life purpose
- Silence and fullness
- To love
- To desire
- To act
- To live in society
- To give
- To help others
- To die
- Sources
Svâmi Prajnânpad, the truth, emotion / feeling, to think / to see
Svâmi Prajnânpad (alias Svâmiji, 1891-1974) was a Bengali Brahmin who had received dual training, classical Vedantic and modern scientific trainings.
A master of wisdom and lucidity, his rigorous approach is a dive into the heart of the unconscious which reveals the difficulties hindering the silence of mental. No God, no ritual, no paradise.
André Comte-Sponville said about him : "This master is content to see, to be one with what he indifferently calls truth or reality, which is neutral, neither good nor bad, neither pleasant nor painful, and promised only change or death." [PDS 2]
According to the specific vocabulary of his teaching [EHM 1] :
- to see consists of recognizing reality as it is without distorting it ;
- to think (functioning also designated by the mental) consists in projecting onto reality what it should be according to our preferences and pleasing ourselves in this imagination ;
- the emotion corresponds to an affective state of reality refusal which accompanies the thought and causes a suffering of separation ;
- the feeling arises when we accept reality and feel oneness with it.
Inner peace, truth, science
- Outer peace is impossible without inner peace. [GKG 2]
- The truth is the middle ground between fascination and disillusionment with the world. It is found not by seeking it but by creating peace within oneself. [Anonymous]
- What is the truth ? Which is. But this definition is not complete. This is only the first half. The second half is that there is nothing other than what is. [PDS 4]
- To know if you have actually seen or if you have only thought through your mental, there is only one criterion : Do you experience any emotion ? If so, it means that the mental has started to function. When you see, there is no emotion. [PDS 4]
- Svâmiji gave the example of the doctor who "thinks" nothing of the patient when the latter enters his office. He examines it, auscultates it, "sees" the state in which it finds itself. He has no a priori, he does not think but "sees" that is to say examines, observes, reflects, discriminates on facts. [RFD 1]
- You cannot own the truth. We can only be the truth. One must die to the life of the mind in order to be reborn to the life of truth. [PDS 4]
- Yesterday is in your memory. Tomorrow is in your dream. Today is the only reality. [Anonymous]
- Svâmiji said : "What is science ? Only the search for truth." [PSP 1]
- Svâmiji once told me that adhyatma yoga is based on four pillars : vedanta vijnana, manonasha, chitta shuddhi and vasanakshaya. Vasanakshaya means erosion of desire, chitta shuddhi purification of (unconscious) memory, manonasha destruction of mind and vedanta vijnana science of vedanta (or knowledge of the life laws). [DSA 8]
Ego, attachment, mental, identification
- The ego is a protective shell to keep out anything foreign, new, unknown. It is a structure kind of world apprehension, devoid of flexibility and adaptability to change. [RFD 1]
- Svâmiji said : "Man's very first perception in his life, what he sees as soon as he opens his eyes, is considered by his mental as stable from the beginning. Every object exists for him. Constantly associating, he clings to it. He believes that all these things exist and will continue to exist. He does not want to accept that anything can be lost." [RFD 3]
- The ego expresses itself on different levels : its prime contractor is the mind (manas), the central organ of refusal, whose intellectual aspect is thought (citta), the affective aspect is emotion (bhâvana), the action aspect is desire (icchâ or kâma). [RFD 1]
- The mental develops from physical sensations. The principle is as follows : the form is there, the object is there; and a contact occurs with that. Touch causes sensation. From sensation comes perception. From perception comes design. And where conception comes, both pleasure and pain arise. And so we identify with them. [PSP1]
- Your mental fixations, they belong to you. They prevent you from seeing, accepting and realizing what is. Welcome them with kindness, taking care not to pursue them, not to maintain them. [Anonymous]
Thought, emotion, desire
- Gurdjieff said that the ordinary man lives mainly in three worlds which are motor (sensations), emotional (emotions) and intellectual (thoughts). But the sage has two other worlds at his disposal : the higher emotionnal world (feeling of unity) where emotions are neutral and without opposites (pleasant/unpleasant), and the higher intellectual world (seeing things as they are) where thoughts are neutral and without opposites (yes/no). [OPD 2]
- Svâmiji said : "The mental has two functions : it produces thoughts, it takes one thing for another, and it produces emotions which keep these mental images alive." [RFD 1]
- Emotion is nothing but the product or result of seeing things other than they are. [PDS 9]
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There is a thought behind every emotion. Without thought there can be no emotion. [PDS 5]
- Emotions teach you. They lead you to the truth. From the error, which you take for the truth now, you go towards the truth. [PDS 4]
- Can we have a stable emotion ? Certainly yes. It is no longer an emotion but a feeling. An emotion can never be stable. [PDS 4]
- Svâmiji said : "Desires arise from the double belief that one can obtain something from another and that one can keep it permanently. Both beliefs are false." [DSD 9]
- Desiring something else and rejecting what is are one and the same thing, and the root of all suffering. [DEA 1]
To be
- To be is to contemplate existence in attentive tranquillity, here and now, everywhere and always. [Anonymous]
- "To be", in the traditional sense of the word, is to be free to have, free from the desire to have, free from the fear of not having. [DSA 7]
- "The behavior of a liberated man ?" He is at ease, in all circumstances. He is at home everywhere. [PDS 4]
- The path of truth has three stages. When you feel "I am alone...", you are in emotion and therefore in ordinary life. When you feel "I am loneliness", you are on the path of knowledge and duality (me and loneliness). When you feel "neither me nor loneliness", you have come to the end of the road and of non-duality : "I am nothing and nobody, I am everyone and everything". [Anonymous]
Spirituality
- The ways of spirituality seem full of contradictions. Arnaud Desjardins answered : "So ? Everything is true but at different levels. When Swâmi Prajnânpad says 'No one lives in the world, everyone lives in his world', this is the starting shore (the usual human condition). When he says 'Not what should be, but what is', this is the crossing over (the full recognition of duality). When he says 'Swamiji does not act, an action happens', this is the end shore (the perfect non-duality)." [DSA 21]
- Spirituality is an attitude of mind. To depend only on oneself, that is spirituality. [SNR 1]
- Spiritual experience does not absolutely abolish conditioning, but by opening us up to a dimension that transcends it, it makes us internally free from it. [DAF 2]
- Spirituality is nothing but the scent of a full life. [PDS 9]
- Frédérick Leboyer said : "The spiritual life is all the miracles that begin to happen as soon as you put the interests of others before your own". [DAL 4]
- Each person is unique, different and perfect in themselves. [SNR 1]
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Although there are an infinite number of things in the universe, it is remarkable that no two things are the same. They are different from each other. Solids differ from liquids, and both differ from gases. Grass and shrub are different from plants, vines and trees ( ...) Animals are different from birds and birds from fish. The same is true for the billions of human beings who live on this earth. Basically what you need to know, is that everything is different. "I am here", "you are there". Both are different. Since everything is different, no one can expect the other to act in a particular way. Since he is different, he can only behave differently. So we must try to understand others rather than attribute to them the qualifier of good or bad. This is how you can overcome differences and perceive the uniqueness of everything. [SNR 1]
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Svâmiji said : "Men are equal as human beings, as carriers of the same infinite potentiality but different in their expressions. No distinction can therefore be made among human beings according to the color of their skin, their sex or their beliefs etc." [RFD 1]
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The other is other. If I want to continue to live in society, I have to adapt to what the other is, to what he expects of me. Adapting does not mean being passive, but changing what can be changed, taking into account the situation and the conditions of the moment. Effective action implies knowledge and information. [RFD 1]
- Svâmiji said : "Two things are different, two people are different... Nobody sees you, everyone sees you as he wants to see you". Therefore : "no one can judge me." [RFD 1]
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Everything is different. There are no two similar bodies, no two similar spirits. To think then that another person will act according to your wishes is contrary to the order of things. [PDS 2]
- Everything that can come will go away. The truth will not come. The truth is here and now. [PDS 1]
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Ordinary experience shows that whatever comes always goes. Day breaks, stays for a while and disappears, giving way to night. The night too stays for a while and goes away, giving way to another day. Likewise sadness comes and, after a while, it fades away. Likewise joy, jealousy, anger, etc. Likewise childhood, youth, maturity, old age come and go. Also, we must not rejoice in our fortune or be sorry for our bad luck. These are temporary states, which will disappear. We will remain peaceful, calm and serene no matter what, because what happens must change. [SNR 1]
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Death is an aspect of life, and we modern Westerners have forgotten that. We contrast death and life instead of contrasting death and birth, and remembering that life is the ceaseless play of death and birth. [DSA 10]
- By changing, one thing does not become something else. The first ceases to exist and the second springs into existence. It is we who, by linking the two forms, come to think that the thing has changed. [SNR 1]
- The protruding nail attracts the hammer. [Japanese proverb]
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Everything that comes to you or has come to you, be it a person, an incident, a situation, has come to you because it was drawn to you. In other words, whether you like it or not, you are the one who attracted it. [PDS 4]
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Svâmiji said : "The cause is never outside. The cause is inside. All emotional reactions have their roots in you and you are the only responsible for these reactions. The external world does not there is nothing to do with it. In truth, there is no external cause, everything is in the way of absorption. In daily life, any cause triggers and awakens the true internal cause. The world exists in its intrinsic, fundamental unity. It is as it is. It is neutral and only expresses itself. Only the mental seeks to make it conform to its fantasy." [RFD 1]
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Any inner emotional reaction occurs not based on external causes but based on an internal scenario that picks up the external exciting cause. [PDS 1]
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There is no accident, no miracle, no fate, only a cause and effect relationship. What may not be clear is the web of cause and effect interconnections that produce this or that particular event. In this case, even if the totality of the causes is not known, the effect is present. It is a fact. And it must be accepted as fact, until the tangle of cause and effect can be unraveled. [RFD 1]
- In all conditions and circumstances the truth is always one without a second. The mental creates a second. [PDS 6]
- What is the truth ? Which is. But this definition is not complete. This is only the first half. The second half is that there is nothing other than what is. [PDS 4]
- Nothing is wrong. What exists at a moment is the truth of the moment. [DSD 3]
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If you want to be happy, you have to be comfortable with what happened and what is happening, that is, with what is true. In other words, we have to accept everything. There is "only one" and "not a second". But the mental does not want to accept the one reality and it creates a second in its imagination. He then compares his creation with reality and battles with it. And here is the suffering. There is a conflict between what exists and what has been created by the mental. We create a "second" and we suffer. [SNR 1]
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Svâmiji said : "The truth is there within us. There is nothing to seek outside, nothing to add, to superimpose. You simply have to remove what covers it and prevents you from being in contact with it." [DSD 1]
- Can you say "No, it didn't happen" ? No, you can't say "no". So say "yes". There is nothing in between. What is between yes and no is an illusion. [PDS 1]
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Svâmiji said : "Just accept. Accept that the other is different. Accept everything. Do you feel nervous? Accept this nervousness too, but controlling it if you are not alone, to avoid hurting others. To control does not mean to repress." [DSD 7]
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Svâmiji said : "The reaction, the emotion are in you. The more you refuse, the more what you deny takes on weight, the more the refused thing exists, increased by your judgment on it. With the judgment which is a reaction of refusal, you add a second element to what presents itself, you double its existence : its existence, plus your reaction. On the contrary, if you really see your reaction as a reaction, there will be no further reaction." [DSD 7]
- Arnaud Desjardins said : "To accept does not mean not to act, it is to accept without emotion the raw fact - what is." [LRV 1]
- When an emotion arises, let it express itself as much as possible, be with the emotion or rather, be the emotion, and it will quickly wear out. So, see why the emotion appeared. She came simply because you didn't see the facts as they are. So try to see what the real situation was and how your mental interpreted it ! [PDS 1]
- Svâmiji said : "Bars do not make a prison... It is the refusal of the bars that makes the prison !" [RFD 1]
- Not to hope but to know ; not to believe but to see. This is the path to happiness. [CSA 1]
- Existence loves you. It gives you life, not because you deserve it, but because it overflows with love. [Anonymous]
- Man is not an accomplished being. Nature develops him up to a certain point then abandons him to himself, free to become aware of his destiny and to decide whether or not he wants to pursue an interior transformation through his efforts. [OPD 1]
- The ordinary man hastily draws his conclusions about life without research, effort or personal achievement. On the other hand, the overeducated man erects around him a thick wall of words which hides the true face of life. [Anonymous]
- The truth is so simple and people have become too learned. [PDS 9]
- This world is not our home. We are a passing traveler... We entered this world empty-handed and alone, and we will leave it empty-handed and alone. [GKG 1]
- ...So, why try to "have" constantly and without limit ? Nothing will be kept when we die. Isn't it wise to seek rather to "be"? [Anonymous]
- "To be", in the traditional sense of the word, is to be free to have, free from the desire to have. [DSA 7]
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Svâmiji said : "To be free is to be free from mom and dad." [DSA 10]
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We are free from the "other" when we understand what it is. For what ? Free from what ? Free from my own mental creation. [PSP1]
- What we see through thought is the world. What we see without thought is the divine. [Anonymous]
- Renunciation is an untruth. Only detachment is the truth... A ripe fruit does not leave the branch - it detaches and falls. [PDS 10]
- "The behavior of a liberated man ? ". He is comfortable in all circumstances. He is at home everywhere. [PDS 4]
- Svâmiji defined the purpose of human life as follows : "To be able to say and feel : I gave everything I wanted to give, I received everything I wanted to receive, I did everything I wanted to do". [RFD 1]
- Human is the path that leads to truth, to the divine. [Anonymous]
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Svâmiji proposed several stages : "Me only, me and the others, the others and me, the others only." [DAL 3]
- Rigorous observation of the facts on the physical and psychic planes leads to the overcoming of forms and to inner silence. [Anonymous]
- Large buildings remain stable because part of them (their foundations) is underground. If we want to elevate ourselves, we must become humble. [ARI 1]
- The most unique experience in life is that of inner silence. [Anonymous]
- A religious spirit is silent. He doesn't ask for anything. [NIL 1]
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To use words is to communicate. To use silences is to commune. [Anonymous]
- The supernormal is the normal, but the normal in its perfection. Nothing other than the normal in its plenitude or in its perfection. [PDS 4]
- Svâmiji said : "Perfection has no degrees. There are degrees only in imperfection." [RFD 2]
- Don't look for perfection. If you see your imperfections yourself, you are perfection, without being able to boast, flatter or be proud of them. Just be what lives in you, quite simply. [Anonymous]
- Whatever we discover in ourselves, it is not a question of whether it is good or bad but whether it is or not. [PDS 6]
- When you are absolutely silent, when you are silence, then you disappear as a person and become the whole. The water drop disappears and becomes the ocean. [Anonymous]
- Svâmiji said : "When the river is lost in the ocean, when its waters no longer have any form or name, then it becomes truly great." [LRF 1]
- The truth is nothing other than the realization that "I am nothing, I am nobody ! I am therefore everyone, I am everything". [PDS 7]
- Human has the right to be happy and the duty to make himself happy. Starting with loving yourself so fully that the love overflows and reaches others. [Anonymous]
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To love is to understand and feel that the other is different. [PDS 4]
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To love is not to think together but to grow together. [PDS 4]
- Love can only exist between equals. If one feels superior or inferior, it is pity, sympathy, admiration, etc. but it is not love. [PDS 4]
- Judging is not for man. What is for man is to see, to understand and to feel. And inevitably love. [PDS 9]
- Man should not try to be good because it is a lie... It is up to man to be deep and true, not good. Indeed, being good is a relative notion. It's only good covering up the bad. [PDS 9]
- There is no culprit. There are only clumsy people. Clumsy in words, clumsy in actions, clumsy in love. [Anonymous]
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No one can act according to my desire, everyone acts according to his desire. [PDS 1]
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All psychological problems can be reduced to a single impossible desire : that of being other than what one is. [EHM 1]
- Desiring something else and rejecting what is are one and the same thing, and the root of all suffering. [DEA 1]
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You are not looking for what is, you are looking for what you desire. [Anonymous]
- To find what you want, all you have to do is see what continually comes without you looking for it. This is what you really want. [PDS 4]
- Svâmiji said : "Not without desire but free from desire." [DAF 1]
- When you kill desire, you acquire powers. But unlike the Bhagavad Gîtâ, the Upanisads teach : "When one is free from desires, one finds peace." [RFD 1]
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Svâmiji said : "To be free is to be free from the "I want" and the "I don't want". Here again being free from desire does not mean having no physical sensations. Thus "to be hungry" is a physical sensation, a sensation appeased by the absorption of food. Desire, mental activity, intervenes when one prefers this or that particular food." [RFD 2]
- All desire is infinite. It is normal to dream of always having more, but the outside world is a limited world. How can a limited world fulfill, satisfy an unlimited desire ? [CSO 1]
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To free oneself from desire, it must be satisfied while knowing that no desire can be satisfied. [PDS 4]
- The question arises : "Why are you not satisfied?" For what ? Because a desire can never be satisfied. For what ? Because the desire belongs to you while its satisfaction depends on the outside. But the outside is not you. Let your desire appear as a need. The desire then will disappear immediately. [PSP1]
- (The desire) Instead of trying to suppress it or to bully it, Swâmi Prajnânpad advised to experience it consciously while remaining attentive to the result obtained (with a size restriction, that of not harming others). Until, from disappointments to complete or partial successes, it can fade by itself and fall like a ripe fruit. [DSD 9]
- Thoroughness in the preparation, concentration in the execution, freedom in the face of the result, such can be stated the secret of the action. [DSD 10]
- Venkateshvar wrote : "The effect of action is to reduce separation, that is the distance which separates the subject from the object he desires." [RFD 6]
- There are two types of actor in words : the one who speaks to speak and the one who speaks to give. The first affirms his opinions, the second overflows with compassion. [Anonymous]
- Those who are established in certainty no longer need to convince others at all costs of the correctness of their convictions. [DSA 17]
- Svâmiji said : "He who feels hurt cannot help being aggressive. The victim reacts like an assassin. So the victim and the assassin are two opposite sides, two aspects of the same experience." [RFD 1]
- You complain : "He insulted me". The other simply said a few words. But I felt insulted. I felt hurt. This action, this effect, the anger, or any other emotion, where does it occur ? It was he who spoke. This is where the words were spoken. But the reaction took place here. How ? The words were spoken there, and the reaction took place here ?... How absurd ! Isn't it comical ? If the reaction is here, the cause must also be here. Every emotional reaction has its root in me and it is I who am responsible for all these emotional reactions, and not the outside. [PSP1]
- Svâmiji said : "No one acts for the sake of evil, but everyone acts for the sake of good as he understands it." [DSA 15]
- Right action comes from a silent mental. Activity comes from a restless mental. [Anonymous]
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Svâmiji said : "No one can do anything for anyone. You are the creator of your own world. Only you can do anything for yourself." [RFD 3]
- Be free from emotion, then act. You will get the result and not a result. Knowledge must come intellectually, pass through the feelings and from there manifest in action. [PDS 5]
- It is no longer you who act, but the divine energy which acts through you. [DSA 10]
- No one, saint or sage, has ever acted for himself alone. Everything the sage does for another, he does for himself. But instead of his "self" being limited to his small person, he has become vast like the whole of humanity. Nothing and no one is foreign to him. [DSA 17]
- The other is other. If I want to continue to live in society, I have to adapt to what the other is, to what he expects of me. Adapting does not mean being passive, but changing what can be changed, taking into account the situation and the conditions of the moment. Effective action implies knowledge and information. [RFD 1]
- What makes a good manager is his ability to take advantage of the best of each employee. Like a sage, he knows how to appreciate the bright side of everyone without ever condemning the dark side. [Anonymous]
- How should a child be trained ?
Svâmiji said : "be strong but not harsh, firm but not severe." [DSA 19]
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Gurdjieff said : "On the outside play your part. On the inside never identify yourself with anyone." [BTC 1]
- Svâmiji said : "Inwardly, be actively passive", i.e. watchful passivity, "and outwardly, be passively active" i.e. be active not from your egocentric demands and your desire to succeed at all costs but from a state that in a completely different language would be called "submission to the divine will". [DSA 17]
- Deliberate neutrality does not mean indifference but discernment. [Anonymous]
- Svâmiji said : "All the social rules to which you conform are valid when you act in society. But for yourself ? They have no value. So everything that happens in you is neutral. It is neither a sin, nor a virtue. Generally speaking you can see that morality is immoral. Only the truth is moral." [RFD 2]
- Before giving, check if the other is in a position to receive. It is the ability to receive that justifies giving. If you try to give anyway, you devalue what you give. [PDS 1]
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To give yourself you have to own yourself, otherwise who gives what ? [DSA 23]
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Love is like water poured into a glass. If you feel like you are filling up then you are receiving love, you are loved. If you feel like you are emptying yourself then you are losing something, you are suffering, and you can only give your suffering. If you feel like you are filling up to the point of overflowing then you are giving love, you really love. [Anonymous]
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The true gift is an overflow. You are so fulfilled by your inner plenitude that it only overflows. [Anonymous]
- Svâmiji said : "Giving is possible only when, in the mind of the one who gives, there remains no feeling "that he gives" " [RFD 5]
- Advice should not be wasted on people whose need has not arisen. You must first make sure that the other is ready to receive and follow the advice. The teacher must wait until the question is asked, that is, until a doubt has arisen in the student's mind. Doubt, doubt, doubt must appear first. This is the criterion of the need for assistance. [PDS 4]
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Either learn carefully what you don't know, or teach clearly what you know. [Anonymous]
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You cannot lead anyone beyond the point you have reached yourself. [MRD 1]
- Experience is a lantern that illuminates only the wearer. To transmit it, you will have to carry the other to the altitude from where he will see clearly himself. [Anonymous]
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Death is an aspect of life, and we modern Westerners have forgotten that. We contrast death and life instead of contrasting death and birth, and remembering that life is the ceaseless play of death and birth. [DSA 10]
- By changing, one thing does not become something else. The first ceases to exist and the second springs into existence. [SNR 1]
- ...So it is with the human brain. Some neurons die and are replaced by other neurons. No transformation. No rebirth. Simply dead of a cell which gives way to another cell ready to live. [Anonymous]
- No one is born, no one dies. There is birth and death, and no one to take part in this phenomenon. [PDS 4]
- This world is not our home. We are a passing traveler... We entered this world empty-handed and alone, and we will leave it empty-handed and alone. [GKG 1]
- When life is lived fully, moment by moment, as a series of unique experiences, then death will be lived in joy as a new experience to be lived. [Anonymous]
[ARI 1] Association pour le Rayonnement Culturel Indien, Citation de Mata Amritanandamayi, La Lettre N°3 de l'ARCI, 2ème trimestre 1987
[BTC 1] Bouchet Christian, Gurdjieff - qui suis-je, Pardès 2001
[CSA 1] Comte-Sponville André, De l'autre côté du désespoir - Introduction à la pensée de Svâmi Prajnânpad, Accarias-L'Originel 1997
[CSO 1] Cambessédès Olivier, Le quotidien avec un maître Svami Prajnanpad, Accarias L'Originel 1995
[DAF 1] Desjardins Arnaud et Farcet Gilles, Confidences impersonnelles, Critérion 1991
[DAF 2] Desjardins Arnaud et Farcet Gilles, Regards sages sur un monde fou, La Table Ronde 1997
[DAL 3] Desjardins Arnaud et Loiseleur-Desjardins Véronique, La voie et ses pièges, La Table Ronde 1992
[DAL 4] Desjardins Arnaud et Loiseleur-Desjardins Véronique, L'ami spirituel, La Table Ronde 1996
[DEA 1] Delaye Alain, Sagesses concordantes - Quatre maîtres pour notre temps : Etty Hillesum, Vilama Thakar, Svâmi Prajnânpad, Krishnamurti, Volume I, Accarias-L'Originel 2003, 2011
[DSA 7] Desjardins Arnaud, A la recherche du Soi 1 - Adhyatma yoga, La Table Ronde 1977
[DSA 8] Desjardins Arnaud, A la recherche du Soi 2 - Le vedanta et l'inconscient, La Table Ronde 1978
[DSA 9] Desjardins Arnaud, A la recherche du Soi 3 - Au-delà du moi, La Table Ronde 1979
[DSA 10] Desjardins Arnaud, A la recherche du Soi 4 - Tu es cela, La Table Ronde 1980
[DSA 15] Desjardins Arnaud, La voie du coeur, La Table Ronde 1987
[DSA 17] Desjardins Arnaud, Zen et Vedanta - Commentaire du Sin sin ming, La Table Ronde 1995
[DSA 19] Desjardins Arnaud, Retour à l'essentiel, La Table Ronde 2002
[DSA 21] Desjardins Arnaud, Bienvenue sur la voie, La Table Ronde 2005
[DSA 23] Desjardins Arnaud, Lettres à une jeune disciple, La Table Ronde 2006
[DSD 1] Desjardins Denise, De naissance en naissance, La Table Ronde 1977
[DSD 3] Desjardins Denise, Mère sainte et courtisane, La Table Ronde 1983
[DSD 7] Desjardins Denise, La route et le chemin - Carnet de voyage et d'ascèse, La Table Ronde 1995
[DSD 9] Desjardins Denise, Conteurs, Saints et Sages - Des Pères du désert à Swâmi Prajnânpad, La Table Ronde 1998
[DSD 10] Desjardins Denise, Petit traité de l'action, La Table Ronde 1999
[EHM 1] Edelmann Eric, Humbert Olivier et Dr Massin Christophe, Swâmi Prajnânpad et les lyings, La Table Ronde 2000
[FTG 1] Farcet Gilles, Arnaud Desjardins ou l'aventure de la sagesse, La Table Ronde 1987
[FTG 3] Farcet Gilles, La transmission selon Arnaud Desjardins, Le Relié 2009
[GKG 1] Guéshé Kelsang Gyatso, Vivre une vie pleine de sens - Mourir dans la joie, Tharpa France 2017
[GKG 2] Guéshé Kelsang Gyatso, Transformez votre vie. Un voyage plein de félicité, Tharpa France 2009
[LRF 1] Leboyer Frédérick, Portrait d'un homme remarquable - Svami Prajnanpad, Critérion 1991
[LRV 1] Loiseleur-Desjardins Véronique, Anthologie de la non dualité, La Table Ronde 1981
[MRD 1] Marol et Roumanoff Daniel, Sois sage, La Table Ronde 1994
[NIL 1] Nduwumwami Louis, Krishnamurti et l'éducation, Du Rocher 1991
[OPD 1] Ouspensky Petr Demianovitch, L'homme et son évolution possible, Denoël 1961 puis Accarias L'Originel 1999
[OPD 2] Ouspensky Petr Demianovitch, Fragments d'un enseignement inconnu, Stock 1974
[PDS 1] Prajnanpad Svami, L'art de voir, Lettres à ses disciples - Tome 1, Traduction de Colette et Daniel Roumanoff, Accarias-L'Originel 1988
[PDS 2] Prajnanpad Svami, Les yeux ouverts, Lettres à ses disciples - Tome 2, Traduction de Colette et Daniel Roumanoff, Accarias-L'Originel 1989
[PDS 3] Prajnanpad Svami, La vérité du bonheur, Lettres à ses disciples - Tome 3, Traduction de Colette et Daniel Roumanoff, Accarias L'Originel 1990
[PDS 4] Prajnanpad Svami, A B C d'une sagesse, Paroles choisies par Daniel Roumanoff, La Table Ronde 1998 puis Albin Michel 2009
[PDS 5] Prajnanpad Svami, L'éternel présent - Questions et réponses - Entretiens avec Pierre Wack, Traduction de Daniel Roumanoff, Accarias-L'Originel 2002
[PDS 6] Prajnanpad Svami, Les formules de Swâmi Prajnânpad commentées par Arnaud Desjardins, Formules et commentaires rassemblés par Véronique Desjardins, La Table Ronde 2003
[PDS 7] Prajnanpad Svami, Le but de la vie - Un été plein de sagesse, Entretiens avec Roland de QuatreBarbes été 1966, traduits par Daniel Roumanoff, Accarias-L'Originel 2005
[PDS 8] Prajnanpad Svami, Svâmi Prajnânpad pris au mot - Les Aphorismes, Recueillis et traduits par Frédérick Leboyer, Accarias-L'Originel 2006
[PDS 9] Prajnanpad Svami, Ceci Ici A présent - Seule et unique réalité, Entretiens avec Frédérick Leboyer (première série, janvier et février 1963), Traduction de Colette et Daniel Roumanoff, Accarias-L'Originel 2006
[PDS 10] Prajnanpad Svami, La connaissance de soi - Citations commentées des Upanishad et histoires (tome 1), Mises en forme par Daniel Roumanoff, Accarias-L'Originel 2008
[PSP 1] Prakash Sumangal et Prajnanpad Svami, L'expérience de l'unité, Traduction de Colette et Daniel Roumanoff, Accarias-L'Originel 1986 puis 2013
[RFD 1] Roumanoff Daniel, Svâmi Prajnânpad - Tome 1 Un maître contemporain - Manque et plénitude, La Table Ronde 1989, puis regroupé avec le Tome 3 chez Albin Michel 2009 sous le titre "Tome 1 Les lois de la vie"
[RFD 2] Roumanoff Daniel, Svâmi Prajnânpad - Tome 2 Le quotidien illuminé, La Table Ronde 1990, puis Albin Michel 2009
[RFD 3] Roumanoff Daniel, Svâmi Prajnânpad - Tome 3 Une synthèse Orient Occident, La Table Ronde 1991, puis regroupé avec le Tome 1 chez Albin Michel 2009 sous le titre "Tome 1 Les lois de la vie"
[RFD 4] Roumanoff Daniel, Candide au pays des Gourous - Journal d'un explorateur de l'Inde spirituelle, Dervy 1990
[RFD 5] Roumanoff Daniel, Svâmi Prajnânpad - Biographie, La Table Ronde 1993
[RFD 6] Roumanoff Daniel, Psychanalyse et sagesse orientale - Une lecture indienne de l'inconscient, Accarias L'Originel 1996
[SNR 1] Srinivasan Ramanuja, Entretiens avec Svami Prajnanpad, Traduction de Colette Roumanoff, Accarias-L'Originel 1984
The following Access keys (figures from 0 to 9) can be used on this Website :
These Access keys can be used via a combination of keyboard shortcuts. The list of these combinations sorted by Operating System then by Browser is as follows.
Warning : Shift is sometimes useless on some keyboards (including the QWERTY and QWERTZ keyboards).
- Windows :
- Internet Explorer : Alt + Shift + Access key then Enter
- Chrome / Mozilla / Firefox / Netscape / K-Meleon / Opera 15+ / Safari 1.2+ : Alt + Shift + Access key
- Opera 7+ : Esc + Shift + Access key
- Macintosh :
- Internet Explorer : Ctrl + Shift + Access key then Enter
- Mozilla / Firefox / Netscape / Safari 1.2+ : Ctrl + Shift + Access key
- Opera 15+ : Alt + Shift + Access key
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- Linux :
- Mozilla / Firefox / Galeon/ Opera 15+ : Alt + Shift + Access key
- Konqueror : Ctrl + Access key
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This Web site contains 63 html pages.
The pages translated in English are preceded by a star.
- * Accueil (Home)
- * Billard (Billiards)
- * Théorie du jeu (Theory of the Game)
- * La pratique du billard (The Art of Billiards Play)
- * Bibliographie (Bibliography)
- C'est du billard, reportage ARTE
- * Bélier hydraulique (Hydraulic ram)
- Pages de Hervé de Baillenx
- Principe de fonctionnement
- Théorie
- Pratique
- Annexe
- Notations
- Glossaire
- * Bibliographie (Bibliography)
- * Sommaire général (Overall Table of contents)
- * Système Nerveux Humain (Human Nervous System)
- Introduction
- Piaget
- Description fonctionnelle
- Glossaire
- * Bibliographie (Bibliography)
- * Sommaire général (Overall Table of contents)
- * Relativité (Relativity)
- Botanique
- Liste des plantes ligneuses dont le nom commun commence par la lettre A
- Liste des plantes ligneuses dont le nom commun commence par la lettre B
- Liste des plantes ligneuses dont le nom commun commence par la lettre C
- Liste des plantes ligneuses dont le nom commun commence par la lettre D, E ou F
- Liste des plantes ligneuses dont le nom commun commence par la lettre G
- Liste des plantes ligneuses dont le nom commun commence par la lettre H, I, J, K ou L
- Liste des plantes ligneuses dont le nom commun commence par la lettre M, N ou O
- Liste des plantes ligneuses dont le nom commun commence par la lettre P
- Liste des plantes ligneuses dont le nom commun commence par la lettre Q, R ou S
- Liste des plantes ligneuses dont le nom commun commence par la lettre T, U, V, W, X, Y ou Z
- Musique
- Ornithologie
- Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe dont le nom commun commence par la lettre A
- Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe dont le nom commun commence par la lettre B
- Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe dont le nom commun commence par la lettre C
- Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe dont le nom commun commence par la lettre D, E ou F
- Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe dont le nom commun commence par la lettre G
- Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe dont le nom commun commence par la lettre H, I, J, K ou L
- Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe dont le nom commun commence par la lettre M, N ou O
- Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe dont le nom commun commence par la lettre P
- Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe dont le nom commun commence par la lettre Q, R ou S
- Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe dont le nom commun commence par la lettre T, U, V, W, X, Y ou Z
- Météorologie
- * Liens/Contact (Links/Contact)
- * (Warning)
At the time of last update of this page (see bottom of this page), all Web pages of this site have the following properties :
- they comply with W3C normes (HTML and CSS) ;
- they comply with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 with Level AA conformance.
Design and Accessibility rules of this site :
- Web design
- Structuration du site en pages : selon une arborescence hiérarchique limitée à une profondeur de trois (règle des "trois clics").
- Version bilingue : version français/anglais de (presque) chaque page.
- Homogénéité des pages : même présentation et mêmes couleurs.
- Liens entre pages du site : depuis chaque page, accès a minima aux pages "Accueil", "Liens/Contact", ainsi qu'aux pages de type père, oncles, frères et fils.
- Page d'accueil : présentation simple, sur un seul écran, avec moteur de recherche interne.
- Web ergonomy (presentation and browsing)
- Page : présentation structurée verticalement selon Barre de menu puis Contenu puis Pied de page, et tenant horizontalement dans l'écran.
- Barre de menu : avec bouton "English/Français" de type bascule.
- Contenu d'une page : structuration linéaire selon titre (rappel de la page père), chapitre (nom de la page courante), sommaire local (uniquement si page longue), paragraphe, sous-paragraphe, sous-sous-paragraphe...
- Pied de page : avec mention du copyright, année de création, nom de l'auteur et date de dernière mise à jour de la page.
- Liens : (presque) tous commençant par une lettre majuscule, et de couleur différente selon le type de lien (non visité, visité, survolé, activé).
- Liens vers fichier téléchargeable : avec indication du type de fichier (.gif, .jpeg, ...) et de sa taille (en Ko ou Mo).
- Liens extra-page : avec texte court, explicite quant à la page destination.
- Liens intra-page : uniquement dans les pages longues.
- Liens "Précédent/Suivant" : uniquement entre chapitres, entre paragraphes et entre sous-paragraphes.
- Images porteuses d'information : avec texte alternatif (attribut "alt"), court et explicite quant à la fonction et à l'aspect.
- Plan de page : existe.
- Paragraphes : justifiés (à gauche et à droite) et indentés en première ligne.
- Typographie : aucun soulignement, ni texte en majuscule, et avec style "italique" uniquement dans des cas précis.
- Accessibility to sensory handicapped
- Changements de langue : indiqué systématiquement (attribut "lang" dans chaque objet de type tableau, liste, bloc (balise "span"), etc.).
- Objets multimédias (animation, vidéo, son) : ni clignotement, défilement ou mise à jour automatique d'information, ni image animée ou à zone réactive cliquable, ni fenêtre pop-up, ni son, ni listes déroulantes, ni boîtes de dialogue. Les boutons de désactivation des animations et du son sont en effet impossibles à trouver rapidement par un non-voyant.
- Couleurs (utilisation) : rien ne repose uniquement sur la couleur (indication d'une action, sollicitation d'une réponse, distinction d'un élément visuel).
- Couleurs (standardisation) : prises parmi les 16 couleurs de base du standard HTML 4.01 (voir tableau ci-dessous, avec Nom HTML, Nom français et Code hexadécimal selon la notation #RRVVBB).
- Couleurs (contraste) : contraste particulièrement adapté aux daltoniens déficients en vert (soit 80 % des daltoniens, ces derniers représentant 8 % des hommes et 0,5 % des femmes), selon les règles suivantes (voir tableau ci-dessous) :
- Arrière-plan : sans motifs ni texte (donc fond uni) ; couleur "white" pour le fond de page ; couleurs "aqua", "silver" et "white" pour les fonds de menu ; couleurs "yelow" et "red" pour les fonds de lien (respectivement survolé et activé) situés en arrière-plan par rapport au texte de lien.
- Premier plan : couleur "black" pour le texte de page ; couleur "blue" et "purple" pour les textes de lien (respectivement non visité et visité) ; couleur "yellow" et "red" pour les fonds de lien situés en premier plan par rapport au fond de page ou de menu.
- Police de caractères : sans empattements, ni embellissements, ni enluminures (police sans sérif).
- Images : suivies si nécessaire d'un équivalent textuel expliquant le contenu de l'image.
- Titres : balises "h1", "h2", "h3"... logiquement enchaînées et en cohérence avec la présentation des pages en titre, chapitre, paragraphe...
- Tableaux : avec résumé indiquant la fonction menu/données et le nombre de colonnes (attribut "summary"), avec en-têtes de colonnes (attribut "th"), avec si nécessaire correspondance entre cellule et colonne (attributs "id" et "headers").
- Listes : avec numérotation systématique.
- Formules mathématiques : écriture littérale, y compris les fonctions mathématiques (exemple : sin[x]).
- Raccourcis clavier : chiffres de 0 à 9 (dont les touches couramment utilisées : 0 Aide ; 1 Accueil).
The following table gives the contrast between each foreground color (in lines) and each background color (in rows) for the 16 basic color from HTML 4.01
This website uses only 24 contrasts indicated by the text "OUI", especially suited to green colorblind deficient.
Nom HTML | black | navy | blue | green | teal | lime | AQUA | maroon | purple | olive | GRAY | SILVER | RED | fuchsia | YELLOW | WHITE |
Nom français | noir | bleu foncé | bleu | vert | bleu vert | vert brillant | cyan | marron | violet | vert olive | gris foncé | gris clair | rouge | rose | jaune | blanc |
Code hexa | 000000 | 000080 | 0000FF | 008000 | 008080 | 00FF00 | 00FFFF | 800000 | 800080 | 808000 | 808080 | C0C0C0 | FF0000 | FF00FF | FFFF00 | FFFFFF |
BLACK | non | non | non | non | non | non | OUI01 | non | non | non | OUI02 | OUI03 | non | non | non | OUI04 |
navy | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non |
BLUE | non | non | non | non | non | non | OUI05 | non | non | non | OUI06 | OUI07 | OUI08 | non | OUI09 | OUI10 |
green | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non |
teal | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non |
lime | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non |
aqua | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non |
maroon | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non |
PURPLE | non | non | non | non | non | non | OUI11 | non | non | non | OUI12 | OUI13 | OUI14 | non | OUI15 | OUI16 |
olive | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non |
gray | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non |
silver | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non |
RED | non | non | non | non | non | non | OUI17 | non | non | non | OUI18 | OUI19 | non | non | non | OUI20 |
fuchsia | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non |
YELLOW | non | non | non | non | non | non | OUI21 | non | non | non | OUI22 | OUI23 | non | non | non | OUI24 |
white | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non | non |
- Html code
- Balises "!DOCTYPE", "html" et "head" : efficaces et en nombre restreint (pour les moteurs de recherche type Google).
- Feuille de style (.css, 3 Ko) : feuille externe unique avec attributs de taille redéfinis en relatif ("em" ou pourcentages) plutôt qu'en absolu (pixels).
- Balise "body" : avec attribut "bgcolor" en doublon de la feuille de style (pour compatibilité avec versions de code html inférieures à 3.2).
- Cadres (ou "frame") : aucun.
- Fenêtres secondaires : aucune.
- Liens javascript : aucun (hormis éventuel cassage du nom de domaine).
- Paragraphes : tous explicites (avec balise "p") afin de pouvoir jouer dessus avec la feuille de style.
- Mathematical symbols : coded in html when the code exists (examples : ≤ ∞ Δ ◊).
- Fichiers : nommage représentatif des deux premiers niveaux de la structure du site, sans blanc, ni caractère accentué (car problème sur serveurs Unix). Majuscules évitées au maximum.
- Temps d'accès aux pages : très court, avec quelques pages "pesant" au plus 100 Ko.
The following schools or organizations used this website :
Caption :
CPGE : Classes Préparatoires aux Grandes Ecoles
PFE : Projet de Fin d'Etude
TIPE : Travaux d'Initiative Personnelle Encadrée
TPE : Travaux Pratiques Encadrés
About the topic "Physics of Billiards" :
- Bourg-en-Bresse, Lycée Lalande, TIPE : Le billard, Mickaël Jacques, CPGE 2ème année, PC, 2012.
- Caen, Lycée Victor Hugo, TIPE : Le billard, Wilfried Lerot, CPGE 2ème année, PSI, 2008.
- Dijon, Lycée Carnot, TIPE : Le bowling, Pierre Goguelat, CPGE 2ème année, MP, 2011.
- La Flèche, Lycée Prytanée, TIPE : La physique du billard, Matthieu Dolliou, CPGE 2ème année, MP*, 2014.
- Lille, Lycée Faidherbe, TIPE : Le billard, Vincent Bolle, CPGE 1ère année, MPSI, 2008.
- Lille, Lycée Faidherbe, TIPE : Le billard, Sylvain Capelle, CPGE 2ème année, PC, 2011.
- Lille, Lycée Faidherbe, TIPE : Le billard, Maxime Duprez et Romain George, CPGE 2ème année, PSI, 2014.
- Lyon, ECAM, TIPE : Le billard, Jérémy Crétin et Jérémy Quentin, CPGE 2ème année intégrée, PT, 2012.
- Lyon, Lycée Aux Lazaristes, TIPE : Le billard, Florian Carra, CPGE 2ème année, MP, 2011.
- Nancy, Lycée Henri-Poincaré, TIPE : La physique du billard, Julien Vukasin, CPGE 2ème année, MP, 2011.
- Neuilly-sur-Seine, Lycée Pasteur, TIPE : La physique du billard, Swann Bareilhe, CPGE 2ème année, MP, 2012.
- Nice, Lycée Masséna, TIPE : Le billard, Siméon Nenoff, Frédéric Bieber et Adrien Génin, CPGE 2ème année, MP et PC, 2008.
- Paris, Lycée Saint-Louis, TIPE : La dynamique du billard, Laura Sobra, CPGE 2ème année, PC, 2011.
- Perpignan, Lycée Arago, TIPE : Le billard, Baudoin Espieux, CPGE 2ème année, PSI, 2013.
- Reims, Lycée Roosevelt, TIPE : Le billard, Chloé Deflandre, Ellyn Dubecq, CPGE 1ère année, MPSI, 2016.
- Saint-Etienne, Lycée Fauriel, TIPE : La mécanique du billard, Victor Soriano, CPGE 2ème année, MP, 2011.
- Valbonne, Lycée International, TIPE : Le billard, Caroline Boyer, CPGE 2ème année, MP, 2012.
About the topic "Hydraulic ram" :
- Besançon, Lycée Victor Hugo, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Anthony Doubey, CPGE 2ème année, PSI, 2015.
- Brest, ENSTA ParisTech, Projet de pompe hydraulique autonome basé sur un multiplicateur de pression, Vincent Macaigne, 2014.
- Burundi, Faculté des sciences appliquées, Département de Génie Electromécanique, PFE : Possibilité technique et énergétique du pompage pour l'irrigation d'une région agricole du Nord du Burundi, Claude Nkonji, 2009.
- Clermont-Ferrand, Lycée Blaise Pascal, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Baptiste Durand, CPGE 2ème année, PSI, 2014.
- Cluny, Lycée La Prat's, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Geoffroy de Saint-André, CPGE 2ème année, PT, 2011.
- Grenoble, INP-ENSE3, Maquette transparente de bélier hydraulique (YouTube, 03:19) ; Bélier hydraulique : Maquette transparente (YouTube, 06:43) Cyril Benistand, Matthieu Villevieille, Robin Vallée, Thomas Fayer, Pierre Coutouly et Alexandre Wettstein, Atelier d'ingénierie, 2015.
- Grenoble, INP-ENSE3, Modélisation de bélier hydraulique, Jean-Côme Biscay, Kenza Taoussi, Erwan Tardy, Raphaël D'Oliveira, Laurent Dumas, El Bachir Chakir et Pierre Boucher, Atelier d'ingénierie, 2015.
- Grenoble, INP-ENSE3, Projet de bélier hydraulique en haute montagne ; Alex Croutz et Jérémie Serfass, 2ème année, Filière Hydraulique, Ouvrages et Environnement, Option Génie Hydraulique et Ouvrages, 2016.
- Longwy, IUT Longwy, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy1, Projet tutoré : le bélier hydraulique, Quentin Ducassou, Julien Breemersch, Clément Malliard, 2ème année, GTE, 2009.
- Lyon, ECAM, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Johanna Ankri, Justine Abou Chacra, CPGE 2ème année intégrée, PT, 2015.
- Lyon, INSA, PFE : HydroRam (.pptx, 2.5 Mo), Quentin Letellier, 2012.
- Lyon, Lycée du Parc, TIPE : Du coup de bélier dévastateur au bélier hydraulique salvateur, Florent Joyet, CPGE 1ère et 2ème années, MPSI et PSI, 2007 & 2008.
- Lyon, Lycée La Martinière-Monplaisir, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Tristan Jardel et Ilham Hamdame, CPGE 1ère année, MPSI, 2008.
- Margency, Lycée Notre-Dame de Bury, TPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Nadir Bouchene, Marie Magana, Victor Gillibert, 1ère S, 2010.
- Montpellier, Ecole d'ingénieur SupAgro, Institut des Régions Chaudes, Le bélier hydraulique : mémoire de fin d'études d'ingénieur en agronomie tropicale spécialisé en gestion sociale de l'eau, Adrien Busson, 2010.
- Nantes, Lycée Clémenceau, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, David Rousseleau, Jonathan Coueraud et Jules Douet, CPGE 1ère année, MPSI, 2008.
- Nantes, Lycée Eugène Livet, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Romain Leluc et Gwenhael Darcy, CPGE 1ère et 2ème années, PTSI et PT, 2008 & 2009.
- Nice, Lycée Masséna, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Martin Roux, CPGE 2ème année, PC, 2019.
- Nogent-sur-Oise, Lycée Marie-Curie, Projet : Le bélier hydraulique, Louison Richet, Terminale STI2D, 2013.
- Paris, AgroParisTech, PFE : Le bélier hydraulique (projet de valorisation patrimoniale sur le canal de Gignac), Pauline Poutrain, Maelle Delabre, Félicie Aulanier, Christophe Abraham, Paul-Emile Noirot-Cosson, 3ème année, Ingénierie de l'Environnement, 2012.
- Paris, Institut de France, Panneaux descriptifs du fonctionnement d'un bélier hydraulique, dans le cadre du Printemps de l'Industrie (Pavillon de Manse, mars 2009) et des Journées de la Rose (Abbaye royale de Chaalis et musée Jacquemart-André - Chaalis, juin 2009), J.M. Vasseur, Service culturel et pédagogique.
- Paris, Lycée Claude Bernard, TIPE : Principe du bélier hydraulique, Baptiste Mathae, CPGE 2ème année, PSI, 2015 : Le bélier en action (.jpg, 100 Ko), Constitution (.jpg, 100 Ko).
- Paris, Lycée Saint-Louis, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Mickael Roucou, CPGE 2ème année, PSI, 2011.
- Paris, Lycée Stanislas, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Matthieu Ansart, CPGE 2ème année, PC, 2015.
- Pau, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Projet : Etude et Conception d'un bélier hydraulique, David Béritault et Luc Champault, Master Ingénierie des Systèmes Industriels (ISI), 2007.
- Rouen, Lycée Corneille, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, L. Duflot, CPGE 2ème année, PSI, 2011.
- Tananarive (Madagascar), Université d'Antananarivo, ESPA, Contribution à l'étude et réalisation d'un bélier hydraulique : mémoire de fin d'étude d'ingénieur grade Master 2 en Génie Mécanique et Industriel (.pdf, 2.6 Mo), Jean Harson Rakotonoely, 2019.
A noter que ce mémoire reprend quasi-intégralement le texte et les équations des pages Web du Sujet Internet "Bélier hydraulique", comme suit :
- Chapitre Principe : recopie intégrale des Phases de fonctionnement (sans mention de la source) : pages 10 à 11 du mémoire.
- Chapitre Théorie : recopie quasi-intégrale de tout le chapitre (sans mention de la source) : pages 12 à 38 du mémoire.
- Chapitre Pratique : recopie adaptée des paragraphes "Calcul d'un bélier" et "Bélier prototype à construire soi-même" : pages 42 à 47, et 54 à 55 du mémoire.
- Toulouse, Lycée Déodat de Séverac, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Pauline Vie, Marc Chauchat, Gautier Combelles, CPGE 2ème année, PSI, 2015.
- Valbonne, Lycée International, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Raphael Chattot, CPGE 2ème année, PSI, 2011.
- Valbonne, Lycée International, TIPE : Le bélier hydraulique, Samuel Franch, CPGE 2ème année, PC, 2021.
About the topic "Ornithology" :
- Vanves, Editions du Chêne, Les chants des oiseaux, Projet de planche pour le livre "Les Miscellanées des sciences naturelles", Editions du Chêne 2023, Suzanne Labourie, Equipe éditoriale.
Site UKO
Tutoriel HTML
Josselin Willette
Les bases du HTML
Sébastien Laoût
Balises nécessaires pour faire une page HTML 4.01 Strict
Alexandre Alapetite
Caractères spéciaux et entités HTML
Web Design Group
HTML 4 Reference
Alsacreations - Tutoriels et astuces
Apprendre les standards Web, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, design et développement...
W3C
HTML 4.01 Specification
WDG HTML Validator
Le validateur HTML du WDG (World Design Group) pour site entier
W3C - Markup Validation Service
Le validateur HTML du W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
Validateur HTML/XML
Le validateur HTML Aborla du HTACG (HTML Tidy Advocacy Community Group) associé au W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
W3C - Link Checker
Le validateur W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) des liens, ancres et objets référencés en page Web
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Le validateur CSS du WDG (Web Design Group)
W3C - CSS Validation Service
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Copyright © 2005 Régis Petit.
Last page update : August 23, 2023.